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	<title>Layanna Araújo&#039;s Blog</title>
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		<title>Layanna Araújo&#039;s Blog</title>
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		<title>Personal Pronouns</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2011/06/05/personal-pronouns/</link>
		<comments>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2011/06/05/personal-pronouns/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 05 Jun 2011 02:49:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Os pronomes pessoais, como o próprio nome já diz, são aqueles que indicam uma das três pessoas do discurso: a que fala, a com quem se fala e a de quem se fala. Na Língua Inglesa, eles são posicionados antes do verbo, exercendo assim o papel de sujeito da oração. São eles: &#160; I &#8211; [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=lamartha.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8117296&amp;post=184&amp;subd=lamartha&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Os pronomes pessoais, como o próprio nome já diz, são aqueles que indicam uma das três pessoas do discurso: a que fala, a com quem se fala e a de quem se fala.</p>
<p>Na Língua Inglesa, eles são posicionados antes do verbo, exercendo assim o papel de sujeito da oração.</p>
<p>São eles:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>I &#8211; eu</p>
<p>You- tu/você</p>
<p>He &#8211; ele</p>
<p>She &#8211; ela</p>
<p>It &#8211; ele/ela</p>
<p>We &#8211; nós</p>
<p>You &#8211; vós/vocês</p>
<p>They &#8211; eles/elas</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Algumas notas:</strong></p>
<p>1) O pronome &#8220;I&#8221;, independente do seu posicionamento na frase, sempre será grafado com a letra maiúscula.</p>
<p>2) O pronome &#8220;it&#8221; é usado para referir-se a objetos e animais. Além disso, ele preenche a posição do sujeito nas oraçõs que, na Língua Portuguesa, não possuem sujeito. Ex.: Está chovendo. It is raining.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Layanna Araújo</media:title>
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		<title>Semântica &#8211; Parte II.</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/semantica-parte-ii/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jan 2011 17:07:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Português para concurso]]></category>

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			<media:title type="html">Layanna Araújo</media:title>
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		<title>Semântica &#8211; parte I.</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/semantica-parte-i/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jan 2011 17:02:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Português para concurso]]></category>

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			<media:title type="html">Layanna Araújo</media:title>
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		<title>Pontuação.</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/pontuacao/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jan 2011 16:55:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Português para concurso]]></category>

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			<media:title type="html">Layanna Araújo</media:title>
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		<title>Novo acordo ortográfico.</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/novo-acordo-ortografico/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jan 2011 16:50:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Português para concurso]]></category>

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			<media:title type="html">Layanna Araújo</media:title>
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		<title>Dicas para interpretar textos.</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2011/01/30/dicas-para-interpretar-textos/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 30 Jan 2011 16:42:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Português para concurso]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Fonte: www.energia.com.br/&#8230;/dicas_para_compreender_e_interpretar_textos.doc<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=lamartha.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8117296&amp;post=96&amp;subd=lamartha&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
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<p>Fonte: www.energia.com.br/&#8230;/dicas_para_compreender_e_<strong>interpretar</strong>_<strong>textos</strong>.doc</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Layanna Araújo</media:title>
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		<title>Talking about the past.</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/talking-about-the-past/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 08 Nov 2009 22:04:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[The past simple:   Affirmative: S + VPp + C. EX.:  I played tennis when I was twenty.   Negative: S + DID + NOT + VPp + C. EX.:  He didn’t go to your party because she was sick.   Interrogative: DID + S + VPp + C? EX.:  What language did she speak? &#160; The past simple is used:   To talk about an [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=lamartha.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8117296&amp;post=86&amp;subd=lamartha&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>The past simple:</strong></p>
<p><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p>  Affirmative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + VPp + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  I played tennis when I was twenty.</p>
<p>  Negative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + DID + NOT + VPp + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  He didn’t go to your party because she was sick.</p>
<p>  Interrogative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">DID + S + VPp + C?</p>
<p>EX.:  What language did she speak?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>The past simple is used:</strong></p>
<p>  To talk about an action that took place in the past:</p>
<p>◦       He got up, paid the bill and left.</p>
<p>◦       I didn’t read the letter, I just gave it to Lee.</p>
<p>◦       What did you say?</p>
<p>NOTE: often a specific time in the past is mentioned:</p>
<p>◦       Did you speak to Amy yesterday?</p>
<p>◦       To talk about a state that continued for some time, but that is now finished:</p>
<p>◦       I went to school in Scotland.</p>
<p>◦       Did she really work there for ten years?</p>
<p>  To talk about actions that happened regularly in the past:</p>
<p>◦       I often played tennis with her. She always won.</p>
<p>◦       They never went to the cinema when they lived in the country.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>The present perfect:</strong></p>
<p>  Affirmative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAVE/HAS + VPpp + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  I’ve played tennis for ten years.</p>
<p>  Negative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + VPpp + C.</p>
<p>EX.: She hasn’t been in London.</p>
<p>  Interrogative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">HAVE/HAS + S + VPpp + C?</p>
<p>EX.:  Have you ever seen the rain?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>The present perfect is used:</strong></p>
<p>  To talk about something that happened during a period of time that is not yet finished:</p>
<p>◦       The train has been late three times this week.</p>
<p>◦       He still hasn’t visited her.</p>
<p>  When the time in the past is not mentioned, or is not important:</p>
<p>◦       He’s written a book.</p>
<p>◦       We’ve bought a new computer.</p>
<p>  When the action finished in the past, but the effect is still felt in the present:</p>
<p>◦       He’s lost his calculator (and he still hasn’t found it.)</p>
<p>  With for and since to show duration of an action or state up until the present:</p>
<p>◦       I have worked here since 1998.</p>
<p>◦       She hasn’t bought any new clothes for years.</p>
<p>  In British English, with just, ever, already and yet:</p>
<p>◦       I’ve just arrived.</p>
<p>◦       Have you ever been here before?</p>
<p>◦       He’s already packed his suitcases.</p>
<p>◦       Haven’t you finished yet?</p>
<p>NOTE: in informal American English the past simple can be used with just, already and yet:</p>
<p>◦       He already packed his suitcases.</p>
<p>◦       Didn’t you finished yet?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>The present perfect progressive:</strong></p>
<p>  Affirmative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VP + -ING + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  I’ve been working a lot.</p>
<p>  Negative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + VP + -ING + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  She hasn’t been doing her exercises.</p>
<p>  Interrogative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">HAVE/HAS + S + BEEN + VP + -ING + C?</p>
<p>EX.:  Have you been working?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>The present perfect progressive is used:</strong></p>
<p>  With for and since to talk about an activity that started in the past and is still happening:</p>
<p>◦       I’ve been working since eight o’clock.</p>
<p>◦       He’s been learning English for several years.</p>
<p>  To talk about an activity that has finished, but whose results are visible now:</p>
<p>◦       My hands are dirty because I&#8217;ve been gardening.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>The past progressive:</strong></p>
<p>  Affirmative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + VTO BEp +  VP + -ING + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  You were studying last weekend.</p>
<p>  Negative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + VTO BEp + NOT + VP + -ING + C.</p>
<p>EX.: They weren’t eating rice.</p>
<p>  Interrogative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">VTO BEp + S + VP + -ING + C?</p>
<p>EX.:  Where were you going last night?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>The past progressive is used:</strong></p>
<p>  To talk about an action that was in progress at a particular time in the past:</p>
<p>◦       What were you doing in the summer of 1999?</p>
<p>◦       Was it raining when you left home?</p>
<p>  To talk about something that was already in progress when something else happened. (You use the past simple for the action that interrupts it.):</p>
<p>◦       The doorbell rang with while they were having breakfast.</p>
<p>NOTE:  As with the present progressive, this tense cannot be used with ‘state’ verbs:</p>
<p>◦       The fresh bread smelled wonderful. (NOT was smelling)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>The past perfect:</strong></p>
<p>  Affirmative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAD + VPpp + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  I had finished the homework.</p>
<p>  Negative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAD + NOT + VPpp + C.</p>
<p>EX.: He hadn’t painted the kitchen.</p>
<p>  Interrogative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">HAD + S + VPpp + C?</p>
<p>EX.:  Had you worked?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>The past perfect is used:</strong></p>
<p>  To talk about something that happened before another action in the past:</p>
<p>◦       I had already met Ed before he came to Bath.</p>
<p>◦       When I got to the station, the train had left.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><strong>The past perfect progressive:</strong></p>
<p>  Affirmative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAD + BEEN + VP + -ING + C.</p>
<p>EX.:  I had been travelling.</p>
<p>  Negative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">S + HAD + NOT + BEEN +  VP + -ING + C.</p>
<p>EX.: She hadn’t been working.</p>
<p>  Interrogative:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">HAD + S + BEEN +  VP + -ING + C?</p>
<p>EX.:  Had you been watching TV?</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>The past perfect progressive is used:</strong></p>
<p>  With for or since to talk about an activity that started at a time further back in the past than something else:</p>
<p>◦       She hadn’t been living there very long when she met Mark.</p>
<p>  To talk about an activity that had a result in the past:</p>
<p>◦       My hands were dirty because I had been gardening.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><em>From: Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary. 7</em></strong><strong><em>th</em></strong><strong><em> edition.</em></strong></p>
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		<title>Americans are not stupid!</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/americans-are-not-stupid/</link>
		<comments>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2009/09/15/americans-are-not-stupid/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Sep 2009 17:27:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[How many sides does a triangle have? Can you say a name of a country which begins with U? Who won the Vietnam war? These and other answers you can find here! Watch this video, and leave your comments! enjoy it!<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=lamartha.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8117296&amp;post=80&amp;subd=lamartha&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>How many sides does a triangle have?</p>
<p>Can you say a name of a country which begins with U?</p>
<p>Who won the Vietnam war?</p>
<p>These and other answers you can find here! Watch this video, and leave your comments!</p>
<p>enjoy it!</p>
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		<title>Teletandem Brasil</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2009/09/13/teletandem-brasil/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Sep 2009 18:49:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Há tempos ouço falar no Teletandem, bem como acompanho, quando tenho tempo, as discursões que são feitas sobre ele. Recentemente adquiri o livro Telet@ndem &#8211; Um contexto virtual, autônomo e colaborativo para aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras no século XXI, organizado pelo Prof. Dr. João A. Telles. Nele é discutido o conceito, os princípios e a [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=lamartha.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8117296&amp;post=75&amp;subd=lamartha&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ffcc00;"><strong><span style="color:#ff9900;"> Há tempos ouço falar no Teletandem, bem como acompanho, quando tenho tempo, as discursões que são feitas sobre ele. Recentemente adquiri o livro Telet@ndem &#8211; Um contexto virtual, autônomo e colaborativo para aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras no século XXI, organizado pelo Prof. Dr. João A. Telles. Nele é discutido o conceito, os princípios e a autônomia; bem como os aspectos culturais. É um livro que indico para quem quer se aprofundar no Teletandem; para quem não tem esse desejo, eu convido a ler esse pequeno texto que esclarece o que é Teletandem e se sentir a vontade para pôr em prática!</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ffcc00;"><strong><span style="color:#ff9900;"><br />
</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<h1 style="text-align:center;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong>O que é o teletandem?*</strong></span></h1>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong><br />
</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"> Eu ajudo você a aprender minha língua e você me ajuda a aprender a sua!</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"> A aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras in-tandem envolve pares de falantes (nativos ou não nativos) de diferentes línguas trabalhando, de forma colaborativa, para aprenderem a língua um do outro.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"> O Teletandem Brasil coloca alunos universitários brasileiros que querem aprender uma língua estrangeira em contato com alunos universitários de outros países que estão aprendendo português.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"> Cada parceiro faz o papel de aluno por uma hora, falando e praticando a língua do outro parceiro. Em seguida, eles trocam de papéis e de línguas.</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"> Usamos o </span><em><span style="color:#0000ff;">Windows Live Messenger</span></em><span style="color:#0000ff;"> ou o </span><em><span style="color:#0000ff;">Skype</span></em><span style="color:#0000ff;">. Esses aplicativos são gratuitos e dispõem de recursos que permitem utilizar a voz, o texto (leitura e escrita) e imagens de vídeo por meio de uma webcam (em tempo real).</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong>Teletandem não é</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;">&#8230;uma aula particular de língua estrangeira</span></p>
<ul style="text-align:justify;">
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">As sessões de Teletandem devem acontecer regularmente, independentemente do desejo dos parceiros de se ver naquele específico momento,  como nas aulas escolares.</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;">&#8230;simplesmente bater papo com um amigo estrangeiro</span></p>
<ul style="text-align:justify;">
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">Os parceiros devem desenvolver a habilidade de prestar atençaõ aos dois níveis da conversa ao mesmo tempo &#8211; o nível do conteudo (<em>o que</em> é dito) e o nível da forma (<em>como</em> é dito). Ninguém faz isso em um bate papo comum.</span></li>
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">O sucesso do Teletandem não pode ser avaliado somente pelo estabelecimento de um bom relacionamento com o parceiro, mas sim, também pela realização dos objetivos lingüísticos e culturais pre-estabelecidos.</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;"><strong>O Teletandem é&#8230;</strong></span></p>
<ul style="text-align:justify;">
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">uma soma de opostos, tais como socialização e individualização;</span></li>
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">um esforço compartilhado com o parceiro com vistas à aprendizagem de línguas;</span></li>
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">um contexto de equilíbrio global no qual os parceiros se revezam posições de poder;</span></li>
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">um contexto no qual os participantes assumem responsabilidade e socializam o aprendizado de modo recíproco e autônomo;</span></li>
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">um contexto para exercitar a autonomia e organizar o próprio processo de aprendizagem;</span></li>
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">um espaço para a construção de relacionamentos agradáveis;</span></li>
<li><span style="color:#0000ff;">um esforço compartilhado que inclui encontros regulares durante um período de tempo específico.</span></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#0000ff;">* texto extraído do site: </span><a href="http://www.teletandembrasil.org/home.asp"><span style="color:#0000ff;">www.teletandembrasil.org</span></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">Para maiores informações, consultem o site: </span></strong></span><a href="http://www.teletandembrasil.org/home.asp"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><strong><span style="color:#ff0000;">www.teletandembrasil.org</span></strong></span></a></p>
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		<title>Punctuation!</title>
		<link>http://lamartha.wordpress.com/2009/08/19/punctuation/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Aug 2009 13:43:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Layanna Araújo</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[1. O que é pontuação? É um sinal ou símbolo que é utilizado no texto para nos levar aos significados das palavras no texto. Cada pontuação tem a sua própria forma de nos conduzir a tais significados. São considerados pontuações: ponto [.]; interrogação [?]; exclamação [!]; vírgula [,]; semi vírgula [;]; dois pontos [:]; travessão/hífen [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=lamartha.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8117296&amp;post=71&amp;subd=lamartha&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-70" title="punctuation" src="http://lamartha.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/punctuation.jpg?w=455&#038;h=316" alt="punctuation" width="455" height="316" /><strong>1. </strong><strong>O que é pontuação?</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">É um sinal ou símbolo que é utilizado no texto para nos levar aos significados das palavras no texto. Cada pontuação tem a sua própria forma de nos conduzir a tais significados. São considerados pontuações: ponto [<strong>.</strong>]; interrogação [<strong>?</strong>]; exclamação [<strong>!</strong>]; vírgula [<strong>,</strong>]; semi vírgula [<strong>;</strong>]; dois pontos [<strong>:</strong>]; travessão/hífen [<strong> -- / -</strong>]; parênteses [<strong>()</strong>]; aspas [<strong>“”</strong>]; aspas simples [<strong>‘’</strong>]; apóstrofo [<strong>´</strong>] e letras maiúsculas [<strong>ABC</strong>].</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>2. </strong><strong>Ponto.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) É utilizado para indicar que a sentença acabou. Uma sentença é um conjunto de palavras que possuem um sentido completo. Ex.: He entered the room.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) É utilizado para abreviar as palavras. Ex.: Sat., 30th Aug.; Dr. Smith.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">c) Em cartas, para as iniciais dos nomes. Ex.: F. A. Zahra = Farida az Zahra.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">d) Em siglas. Ex.: U.N.E.S.C.O.(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">e) Três pontos consecutivos é utilizado para indicar que alguma palavra foi retirada do texto. Ex.: Lass, the tunisian boy, is studying English à Lass&#8230;is studying English. Ou então quando a sentença está incomplete, seja pela incapacidade do falante de concluir seu pensamento ou por ter sido interrompido no seu discurso. Ex.: But I thought you were&#8230;</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong>3. </strong><strong>Letras maiúsculas.</strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) Indica inicio da oração. Ex.: He saw a cat. It was black.</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) Indica o começo de um discurso direto (separa o discurso do resto da oração). Ex. He Said, “Let’s go to Rabat!”.</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">c) As palavras mais importantes de um título são escritas em letras maiúsculas. Ex.: War and Peace.</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">d) Para escrever nomes próprios. Ex.: Mr. Toui; Saudi Arabia, Brazilian, December, Friday, Cairo.</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>4. </strong><strong>Interrogação.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) Para fazer perguntas de modo direto. Ex.: “what are you doing?”.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) Para fazer questões retóricas (questões que são feitas ao longo do discurso cujas respostas os ouvintes já sabem).</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong>5. </strong><strong>Exclamação.</strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) Indica surpresa. Ex.: I didn’t know you lived here!</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) Indica sentimentos/sensações. Ex.: Ow! (pain)</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">c) Para indicar que o falante está gritando, dando ordens ou comandos. Ex.: Come here!</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong>6. </strong><strong>Vírgula.</strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) Utilizada para dividir uma sentença.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.a) Quando um nome possui vários adjetivos. Ex.: The mean, fat, old man.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.b) Para separar itens numa lista. Ex.: she bought milk, coffee and bread.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.c) Para escrever os números das datas. Ex.: July 17, 1996.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.d) Nos discursos diretos, para separar a fala. Ex.: She Said, “I drank the tea and Begin to feel sick”.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.e) Para fornecer uma informação extra, porém não essencial ao leitor. Ex.: The boy, who had a broken arm, went to Vancouver.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.f) Para números. Ex.: 10,571,942 (ten million, Five hundred and seventy one thousand, nine hundred and forty-two)</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>7. Aspas.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) É usada para descrever a fala literalmente, ou seja, no discurso direto. Ex.: He Said, “The boy feels sick and wants to go home”.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>8. </strong><strong>Aspas simples.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) É usada para indicar um fala dentro de outra fala. Ex.: “A man came up to me this morning and said to me, ‘where have you been all my life?’ and I just didn’t know what to do,” said my friend.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) Para citar títulos de músicas, filmes, livros, etc. Ex.: Have you seen ‘Saw’?</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">c) Para indicar uma palavra ou expressão que nem todos os leitores conhecem. Ex.: He told her to go up ‘the appel and pears’. (=stairs)</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">d) Para causar um efeito no leitor. Ex.: I went to hear her ‘sing’ last night. I still have a headache this morning!</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">e) Quando é utilizada uma citação famosa. Ex.: He always says ‘to be or not to be?, that’s the question’.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>9. </strong><strong>Dois pontos.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) Indica que o que vem após é importante.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) Utilizado para introduzir listas. Ex.: She went to the shops and bought: Bread and butter.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">c) Para introduzir uma explicação. Ex.: They boy died: He was really sick.</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">d) Para indicar que em seguida há uma fala ou uma citação. Ex.: He said: “I’ll be back!”</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong>10. </strong><strong>Ponto e vírgula.</strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) É utilizado para separar duas orações principais. Ex.: Janet loved reading; her sister was a TV fan.</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) É frequentemente utilizado antes de palavras que indicam transição de idéias. Ex.: He was so tired; however, He went to the party.</span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong>11. </strong><strong>Parênteses.</strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) É utilizado para dar uma informação útil ao leitor. Ex.: Checking his watch (it was a digital one), He put his finger on the button.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong>12. </strong><strong>Travessão e hífen.</strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) Travessão:</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.a) Um par de travessões é utilizado no lugar de parênteses. Ex.: He went to the park – the one near the river – to look for his brother.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.b) Para inserir um comentário ou um resumo do que foi tratado antes do travessão. Ex.: Soccer, movies and Chopin – these are my favourite things.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> a.c) Quando aparece no final de uma frase, é seguido de surpresa. Ex.: Suddenly, He saw something sticking up from the ground – a hand!</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) Hífen: </span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> b.a) No final da linha para separar a sílaba de uma palavra.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> b.b) Para formação de palavras compostas.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"> b.c) Para números. Ex.: twenty-one.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong>13. </strong><strong>Apóstrofo.</strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">a) Para indicar possessão, nesse caso é seguido de <strong>s</strong> ou não. Ex.: the cat’s food. The cats’ food.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;"><strong><span style="font-weight:normal;">b) Para unir duas palavras e criar uma outra. Nesse caso, indica que uma letra está faltando. Ex.: I am = I’m.</span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">
<p style="text-align:center;">Adepted from: ELLIS, David. <em>English punctuation.</em></p>
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